Base metal extracted mainly from iron ore but also from ilmenite eaf smelting byproduct. The tivani project is favourably located in an area well known for its mining and smelting operations, and is 338 km from johannesburg, 371 km from the nearest deep water port, which is in maputo mozambique, and 90 km to the phalaborwa site of existing smelting operations. The ilmenite concentrate was found to have the following chemical assay. Preparation of titanium feedstock from minnesota ilmenite. The composition of the slag obtained by smelting is dependent on the composition of the mineral used for slag preparation, i. Using a figure of 1,160 kwh per ton of ilmenite murty et al, 2007 being processed for the production of titanium slag, smelting of all dundas premium ilmenite requires 435,000 mwh annually, or a power requirement of 10. Learn how to compare 2 pdf documents to avoid plagiarism. Fundamental aspects of alloy smelting in a dc arc furnace. One of the fun things about computers is playing with programs like paint. An overview of the namakwa sands ilmenite smelting. Dc arc furnaces were first used industrially for the reductive smelting of. Prereduction and dc openarc smelting of carbonbased.
The principal mineral sources of titanium are rutile, anatase both tio2, ilmenite fetio3 and leucoxene a weathered ilmenite of variable concentration of tio2 but similar to pseudorutile fe2ti3o9. Help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file. There are two issues for consideration for this if a smelting was to be undertaken in greenland. Tti is a smelting facility, which upgrades ilmenite to produce a highvalue titanium slag, primarily sold to pigment producers and a highpurity. Preparation of titanium feedstock from minnesota ilmenite by smelting and sulfationleaching. Preparation of titanium feedstock from minnesota ilmenite by. Prereduction and dc openarc smelting of carbonbased ilmenite. If your pdf reader is displaying an error instead of opening a pdf file, chances are that the file is c. Energy balance and offgas utilization of ilmenite smelting in 30 mva direct current electric arc furnace dc furnace of a yunnan company were investigated to make sure safety production, and to save energy and reduce pollution. Wechsler b a, prewitt c t 1984 crystal structure of ilmenite fetio3 at high temperature and high pressure american mineralogist 69. Lower feo levels in the solidified slag correlate with higher ti 2 o 3. Jul 11, 2018 rutile tio2 is heavily used in pigments and colorants, and the most abundant source of rutile is ilmenite.
Although these ores are of potential interest today as sources of titanium and vanadium, they cannot be used to produce iron in modern blast furnaces. Slag is the glasslike byproduct left over after a desired metal has been separated i. The smelting process of ilmenite is an unusual case where slag is the primary product, and the byproduct is a valuable raw material to get pig iron and other metallic components 14, 15. Most ore deposits contain metals in the reacted or combined form. The new process of titanium extraction from ilmenite. Energy balance and offgas utilization of ilmenite smelting. Dc arc furnaces past, present, and future springerlink. The smelting mechanism reported by pistorius 2008 involves the reduction of iron oxide and titanium dioxide, in the ilmenite, using carbon monoxide generated by the boudouard reaction to produce pig iron, titania rich slag and carbon dioxide. The relationship between feo and ti2o3 in ilmenite smelter. Us6733561b2 production of high titania slag from ilmenite. Interactions between freeze lining and slag bath in ilmenite.
Design of sidewall liningcooling systems for ac or dc. The ilmenite is reduced with a carbonaceous reductant typically anthracite to produce a high titania slag containing approximately 86% tio2 and a low manganese pig iron. During smelting, partial reduction of feo to liquid iron, and of tio 2 to ti 2 o 3, occurs. Testing of different feedstocks for ilmenite smelting.
The first step in upgrading the ilmenite to a pure tio2 product is smelting the ilmenite to produce a tio2 rich slag of 8090% tio2 content. The eaf process produces a hightitanium slag and pig iron. Future opportunities in a region of great potential find, read and cite all the research. Ilmenite, also known as manaccanite, is a titaniumiron oxide mineral with the idealized formula. You can use the tools in paint to add something to a different document. Pdf electro smelting of ilmenite for production of tio 2. Electro smelting of ilmenite for production of tio 2 slag potential of india as a global player 825 the worlds production of ilmenite was 10. Selective dissolution of iron values in ilmenite either by hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid. By michelle rae uy 24 january 2020 knowing how to combine pdf files isnt reserved. Unfortunately, one drawback is the necessarily long oxidative process of typically used methods. Read on to find out just how to combine multiple pdf files on macos and windows 10. The countrywise world production of ilmenite in the year 2005 is shown in fi g.
An overview of the namakwa sands ilmenite smelting operations. The smelting of ilmenite to produce valuable titania slag and pig iron is an energyintensive process. Regardless of the furnace type, the slag produced is aggressive towards the sidewall lining. Evaluation of titaniarich slag produced from titaniferous. Total ilmenite from yunnan, china, difficult to smelt in blast furnace, was smelted by. Ilmenite smelting is conducted in bo th ac and dc electric furnaces. South african beachsand ilmenites are close to this nominal composition, with the main impurities being mno, mgo, sio2 and al2o3 amounting to some 3% of the mass of the ilmenite. Use copyleaks pdf compare tool online, to find difference between two pdf files. Nov 22, 2019 along with the increasing demand for the tio2 pigment, the ilmenite smelting process has also become significant because it can utilize both rock and sandtype ilmenite. Mar 01, 2014 this study reports the direct smelting of bulk magnetite ilmenite ores, with slags containing up to 25% tio 2 as the principal waste product.
During ilmenite smelting, the iron content of the oxide is lowered by reduction to. Hematite fe o magnetite fe o ilmenite fetio limonite. This model incorporated the two models mentioned above and was able to describe the metal bath, slag bath, furnace atmosphere, freeze lining, furnace sidewall and the. Luckily, there are lots of free and paid tools that can compress a pdf file in just a few easy steps. Ilmenite is an iron titanium oxide and the primary ore of titanium.
I paid for a pro membership specifically to enable this feature. Upgrading of natural ilmenite ore by combining oxidation and. Estimation of tio 2 feona 2 o slag viscosity through. Zircon, rutile and ilmenite are produced from the concentrate by means of magnetic and electrostatic processes. Aug 03, 2020 fluxless smelting of ilmenite to produce furnace slag as feedstock for the pigment industry is a wellestablished industrial practice with extensive installed smelting capacity globally. The ilmenite smelting technology utilises a reductant as a direct carbon source.
A cromium and magnesiumrich variety of ilmenite, containing up to 8. The recovery of base metals and platinum group metals pgms in a reductive smelting process is a function of the recovery of iron which. Major mineral sands based ilmenite mining operations include. The feasibility of using laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy libs for the compositional analysis of ilmenite slag was explored. These campaigns varied in length from one week to six weeks, with the majority being of the order of two weeks. This model incorporated the two models mentioned above and was able to describe the metal bath, slag bath, furnace atmosphere, freeze lining, furnace sidewall and the crust that is sometimes present on top of the slag bath. Ilmenite is the main source of titanium dioxide, which is used in paints, printing inks, fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreen, food and cosmetics.
The ilmenite smelting technology utilises a reductant as a direct carbon source for the reduction of ilmenite fetio 3 to produce titanium slag and low manganese pig iron lmpi. A process is provided for the production of titania rich slag from ilmenite. From a commercial perspective, ilmenite is the most important ore of titanium. Pistorius department of materials science and metallurgical engineering, university of pretoria, pretoria while some of the practical details of ilmenite smelting are not well documented, there is a substantial body of literature on the principles of ilmenite smelting, and the behaviour of solidified titania slag. The paint program can help you make new image files, but it cannot open document or pdf file. Wechsler b a, prewitt c t 1984 crystal structure of ilmenite fetio3 at high temperature and high pressure american mineralogist 69 176185 1984. Feooh, limonite the generic formula for limonite is feooh.
Ilmenite containing up to 33% fe2o3 in solidsolution in the rhombohedral series fe2o3fetio3. Further processing, including smelting of ilmenite to produce titanium dioxide slag then takes place at the central processing complex in empangeni, 20 km west of richards bay. Ilmenite ores can also be converted to liquid iron and a titaniumrich slag using a smelting process. Libs measurements are done under normal atmosphere and temperature. The total input energy in the dc furnace was 2,000 kwh per ton of ilmenite, in which 1,003. Non rutile feedstocks for the production of titanium. The slag was obtained from a pilotscale ilmenite smelting furnace. Pdf file or convert a pdf file to docx, jpg, or other file format. These titaniferous minerals along with their value added products like synthetic rutile and tio2 slag constitute titanium feedstocks for tio2 pigment, ti metal and welding electrodes.
Once youve done it, youll be able to easily send the logos you create to clients, make them available for download, or attach them to emails in a fo. Thermal conductivity of titanium slags aalto research. Electro smelting of ilmenite for production of tio. Making a pdf file of a logo is surprisingly easy and is essential for most web designers. Ilmenite ore is used as a flux by steelmakers to line blast furnace hearth refractory. At the laboratory scale, ilmenite slags are mostly obtained by using ilmenite as the raw material. Introduction electric smelting of 4852% tio 2grade ilmenite is carried out for the production of 8590% tio 2 titania slag. Ilmenite smelted by oxygenenriched topblown smelting reduction. This information is summarized, focusing on the basic.
Upon oxidation of ilmenite, rutile can be formed with modest energy consumption. It is also used in the manufacture of titanium dioxide, a bright white powder used as a base pigment in paint, paper and plastics. Crude ilmenite is refined and conveyed to the smelter to form the primary feed source to 36mva dc arc furnaces. This highly strategic acquisition represents the next step in advancing our vertical integration strategy, providing tronox with increased titanium. Id species reference link year locality pressure gpa temp k 0000925. To combine pdf files into a single pdf document is easier than it looks. The production of slags with higher tio 2 content from rock ilmenite is very difficult, due to the relatively high impurity content of the raw material. Aula m, fabritius t, pisila s 2015 online analysis of process conditions in ilmenite smelting with optical emission spectrometry. Kzn sands produces ilmenite, slag fines, zircon, rutile, leucoxene, low manganese pig iron and chlorinatable titanium dioxide slag see section 4. The titanium slag is then leached with sulfuric acid or with hydrochloric acid at elevated temperatures. Upgrading of natural ilmenite ore by combining oxidation. Slag is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. Dec 12, 2002 smelting is used to upgrade ilmenite feo. A pdf file is a portable document format file, developed by adobe systems.
Tio2 is an excellent opacifier and used as a white pigment in paint, paper and plastics. Ilmenite smelting mintek ilmenite is smelted to produce titania slag and pig iron problem to be solved. Assessment of titanium slag production complex in greenland. Top 8 fixes for microsoft edge not opening pdf files in.
Titania slag represents an important feedstock for the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigment by the sulphate process. This article explains what pdfs are, how to open one, all the different ways. The annual ilmenite production at tellnes, 550,000 t. The smelting of ilmenite to produce valuable titania slag and pig iron is an energy intensive process. Interactions between freeze lining and slag bath in. This province includes the tellnes ilmenite deposit which is in operation, as well as large volumes of other lowgrade ilmenite ores.
The formation of a stable slag freeze lining is essential to arrest lining wear and ensure an acceptable furnace. A mathematical model of the entire ilmenite smelting furnace process was constructed. The dc furnace for ilmenite smelting is now an established process technology. The smelting process comprises the carbonaceous reduction of ilmenite to produce titania slag with a tio2 content of 86%, and iron with a carbon content of 2. Generation of large quantities of iron containing acidic effluents about 50. Along with the increasing demand for the tio2 pigment, the ilmenite smelting process has also become significant because it can utilize both.
Smelting is an energyintensive process used to refine an ore into usable metal. As part of its program to help decrease the dependency of the united states on foreign imports of nonfuel minerals and to devise technology for the efficient and economic use of domestic resources, the bureau of mines smelted and sulfationleached an ilmenite from northern minnesota. The reductant characteristics are primarily chosen to effect highly efficient. Wechsler b a, prewitt c t, american mineralogist, 69 1984 p. The ilmenite is fed together with carbonaceous reductant, and in the absence of fluxes, to the molten bath of a d. The pdf format allows you to create documents in countless applications and share them with others for viewing. Minerals free fulltext analysis of ilmenite slag using. Ilmenite smelting is a reduction process in which the feo in ilmenite is reduced to fe, giving a titaniumrich slag on top of pure pig iron 1. Pdf compare online diff tool to compare 2 pdf files. Ilmenite smelting is well established using both direct current and alternating current furnaces. Thermal conductivity of titanium slags aalto universitys. Pistorius synopsis while some of the practical details of ilmenite smelting are not well documented, there is a substantial body of literature on the principles of ilmenite smelting, and the behaviour of solidified titania slag. There are two main routes that are used to upgrade ilmenite, to serve as a feedstock for. Searching for a specific type of document on the internet is sometimes like looking for a needle in a haystack.
Adobe designed the portable document format, or pdf, to be a document platform viewable on virtually any modern operating system. Select multiple pdf files and merge them in seconds. Influence of various reductants on the ilmenite smelting. Smelting of magnetite and magnetiteilmenite iron ores in the. An oversized pdf file can be hard to send through email and may not upload onto certain file managers. The objectives of these campaigns included the following. This means it can be viewed across multiple devices, regardless of the underlying operating system. Electric smelting of ilmenite for the preparation of titania rich slag and metallic iron. Find alternative equipment in which to produce a very conductive slag needs an open arc piloted at mintek in 1990 0.
Ilmenite and rutile production and prices ilmenite the production of ilmenite at 739 thousand tonnes in 2012 decreased by 2% as compared to that in the preceding year. Contact information mining records curator arizona geological. Pdf is a hugely popular format for documents simply because it is independent of the hardware or application used to create that file. While slags are generally used to remove waste in metal smelting, they can also serve other purposes, such as assisting in the temperature control of. Estimation of tio 2 feona 2 o slag viscosity through molecular. The namakwa sands smelter, situated near the saldanha bay harbour, commenced smelting operations in 1994, when a 25 mw dc arc furnace was commissioned. Pilotscale demonstration of ilmenite processing technology. Most electronic documents such as software manuals, hardware manuals and ebooks come in the pdf portable document format file format. Ramesh singh, in applied welding engineering second edition, 2016.
Key process steps include prereduction, metallisation and smelting to upgrade ilmenite into highquality titanium products and highpurity pig iron during ilmenite prereduction step, it is reduced to pellets that, during the smelting step, are fed together with coal and anthracite into a furnace, thus producing slag and pig iron. Moreover, part of the production of the titaniarich slag is further acidleached under a highpressure and moderatetemperature hydrometallurgical process to. Pdf on aug 5, 2019, harmen oterdoom and others published dc furnace smelting of ilmenite and chromite. The slag is processed further for the production of white pigments, while the. Smelting rock ilmenite produces pig iron and titania slag that contains about 75%80% wt. Slags analysis is of great importance in ilmenite pdf process mechanisms in ilmenite smelting.
How to shrink a pdf file that is too large techwalla. The molten bath of the furnace forms the anode and one or more electrodes in the roof of the furnace forms the cathode. Application potential of sms dc smelter technology for the. Preparation of synthetic titania slag relevant to the. The composition of major oxides tio2, feo, and mgo are determined by the calibrated libs method.
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